Python因其简洁语法和强大功能成为最流行的脚本语言之一。本教程介绍常见Python脚本类型并提供实用示例。

import os

def batch_rename(directory, prefix):
    """批量重命名目录中的文件"""
    files = [f for f in os.listdir(directory) if f.endswith('.txt')]
    files.sort()
    
    for count, filename in enumerate(files):
        new_name = f"{prefix}_{count+1:03d}.txt"
        src = os.path.join(directory, filename)
        dst = os.path.join(directory, new_name)
        os.rename(src, dst)
        print(f"重命名: {filename} -> {new_name}")

# 使用示例
batch_rename("/path/to/your/files", "new")

def analyze_logs(log_file_path, error_keyword="ERROR"):
    """统计日志文件中特定错误的出现次数"""
    error_count = 0
    
    with open(log_file_path, 'r') as file:
        for line in file:
            if error_keyword in line:
                error_count += 1
    
    print(f"在日志文件中发现 {error_count} 个'{error_keyword}'错误")
    return error_count

# 使用示例
analyze_logs("/var/log/app.log")

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

def simple_crawler(url):
    """获取网页标题和所有链接"""
    try:
        response = requests.get(url)
        response.raise_for_status()
        
        soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
        
        # 获取页面标题
        title = soup.title.string if soup.title else "无标题"
        print(f"页面标题: {title}")
        
        # 获取所有链接
        links = []
        for link in soup.find_all('a', href=True):
            href = link['href']
            if href.startswith('http'):
                links.append(href)
        
        print(f"发现 {len(links)} 个有效链接")
        return links
        
    except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
        print(f"请求错误: {e}")
        return []

# 使用示例
simple_crawler("https://example.com")

import pandas as pd

def analyze_sales_data(csv_path):
    """分析销售数据CSV文件"""
    # 读取CSV数据
    df = pd.read_csv(csv_path)
    
    # 基本统计
    total_sales = df['销售额'].sum()
    average_sale = df['销售额'].mean()
    best_product = df.groupby('产品')['销售额'].sum().idxmax()
    
    print(f"总销售额: ¥{total_sales:,.2f}")
    print(f"平均每单销售额: ¥{average_sale:,.2f}")
    print(f"最畅销产品: {best_product}")
    
    # 返回结果
    return {
        'total_sales': total_sales,
        'average_sale': average_sale,
        'best_product': best_product
    }

# 使用示例
analyze_sales_data("sales_data.csv")

import os
import shutil
from datetime import datetime

def auto_backup(source_dir, dest_dir):
    """创建源目录的带时间戳的压缩备份"""
    if not os.path.exists(source_dir):
        print(f"错误: 源目录不存在 {source_dir}")
        return
    
    if not os.path.exists(dest_dir):
        os.makedirs(dest_dir)
    
    # 创建时间戳
    timestamp = datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")
    backup_name = f"backup_{timestamp}.zip"
    backup_path = os.path.join(dest_dir, backup_name)
    
    # 创建压缩备份
    shutil.make_archive(backup_path.replace('.zip', ''), 'zip', source_dir)
    
    print(f"备份成功创建于: {backup_path}")
    return backup_path

# 使用示例
auto_backup("/path/to/important/files", "/backup/destination")

import unittest

def add_numbers(a, b):
    """两个数字相加"""
    return a + b

class TestMathFunctions(unittest.TestCase):
    """测试数学函数"""
    
    def test_add_positive(self):
        self.assertEqual(add_numbers(2, 3), 5)
    
    def test_add_negative(self):
        self.assertEqual(add_numbers(-1, -1), -2)
    
    def test_add_mixed(self):
        self.assertEqual(add_numbers(5, -3), 2)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

from PIL import Image
import os

def convert_images(source_dir, dest_dir, new_format="JPEG"):
    """将目录中的图片转换为指定格式"""
    if not os.path.exists(dest_dir):
        os.makedirs(dest_dir)
    
    # 支持的图片格式
    valid_formats = ['.jpg', '.jpeg', '.png', '.bmp', '.gif']
    
    for filename in os.listdir(source_dir):
        if any(filename.lower().endswith(ext) for ext in valid_formats):
            source_path = os.path.join(source_dir, filename)
            dest_path = os.path.join(dest_dir, f"{os.path.splitext(filename)[0]}.{new_format.lower()}")
            
            try:
                with Image.open(source_path) as img:
                    img.save(dest_path, format=new_format)
                print(f"转换成功: {filename} -> {os.path.basename(dest_path)}")
            except Exception as e:
                print(f"转换失败 {filename}: {str(e)}")

# 使用示例：将PNG转为JPG
convert_images("/path/to/pngs", "/path/to/jpgs", "JPEG")

import random
import string

def generate_password(length=12, use_digits=True, use_symbols=True):
    """生成随机密码"""
    characters = string.ascii_letters
    if use_digits:
        characters += string.digits
    if use_symbols:
        characters += string.punctuation
    
    password = ''.join(random.choice(characters) for _ in range(length))
    return password

# 生成示例密码
print("生成密码:", generate_password())
print("数字密码:", generate_password(8, True, False))
print("复杂密码:", generate_password(16, True, True))

Python脚本可以应用于各种场景：

• 文件处理：自动化文件操作和管理
• 网络爬虫：数据采集和信息提取
• 数据分析：处理大型数据集和生成报告
• 系统自动化：定时任务和流程自动化
• 实用工具：开发小型实用程序解决特定问题

掌握Python脚本编写能显著提高工作效率，是每个开发者的必备技能。